Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, commonly known as ADHD, is more than just being distracted sometimes or having too much energy. It is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person focuses, controls impulses, and manages activity levels. Symptoms usually begin in childhood, often before the age of twelve, but for many people they continue into adolescence and adulthood, which can effect daily life at school, work, and home.
At its core, ADHD shows up in three main ways: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Inattention can look like careless mistakes, trouble staying focused, disorganization, or frequently losing things. A child might seem like they are not listening or may start tasks but struggle to finish them. Hyperactivity often appears as constant fidgeting, restlessness, excessive talking, or difficulty staying seated when they are supposed to. Impulsivity involves acting without thinking, interrupting others, blurting out answers, or having trouble waiting turns. Not everyone with ADHD experiences all of these symptoms, and the severity can vary a lot from person to person.
Because ADHD does not look the same in everyone, doctors and psychologists describe three main types, or presentations. The predominantly inattentive presentation mainly involves problems with focus and organization. The predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation focuses more on restlessness and impulsive behavior. The combined presentation includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), a diagnosis requires that symptoms last for at least six months, appear in more than one setting, such as at home and at school, and interfere with everyday functioning.
Research suggests that ADHD has strong biological causes. Genetics play a major role, and having a family member with ADHD increases the risk of developing it. Brain studies also show differences in brain development and neurotransmitter systems, especially dopamine, which helps control attention and motivation. Environmental factors may also play a role, such as smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy, premature birth, or low birth weight, although this research is still ongoing and not totally clear.
When ADHD is not treated, it can lead to many challenges. Children and teens may struggle in school, have problems with self-esteem, or feel misunderstood by others. Over time, untreated ADHD can increase the risk of anxiety, depression, and relationship problems. However, ADHD can be managed with the right support. Behavioral therapies help individuals learn organization skills, routines, and coping strategies. Medications, including stimulant and non-stimulant types, are often effective in reducing symptoms. Support from family members, teachers, and schools is also really important.
Overall, ADHD is not caused by laziness or lack of effort. It is a condition related to how the brain works. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and support, people with ADHD can succeed and learn how to manage their challenges while still using their strengths.
Sources:
Mayo Clinic. “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.”
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).
